Ⅰ The Introduction to Non-verbal Forms 谓语动词.doc
The verb can be divided into two kinds: predicate verbs and verbals. Predicate verbs can only be used as the verb, serve as the predicate in the sentence. It must be accordance at person and number with the subject. It is necessary to a sentence and a clause. Verbals is not only used as the verb but also used as the adjective, the noun and the adverb. It doesn’t need to keep the same with the subject. It is not necessary to a sentence and a clause. Verbals can be divided into three kinds: the infinitive, the participle and the gerund. The gerund functions as verb and noun. The participle plays the function of verb, adjective or the verb and the adverb. Function of the infinitive are the verb and the noun or the verb and the adverb or the verb and the adjective.
⒈ The Participle
The participle has two kinds: the Present Participle and the Past Participle. It concurrently has the verb, the Adverb and the Adjective characteristics. It can bring the Object and the Adverb. The Participle and the Object or the Adverb constitute the Participle Phrase.
⑴The Present Participle
The Present Participle is composed of the Verb primary adding the ing form. The Present Participle has the general and the perfect tense. The transitive verb present participal has the active and the passive voice. Its form is following:
The Present
The Transtive Verb write
Non-transtive Verb go
Participle
The Active Voice
The Passive Voice
The Active Voice
The General Tense
writing
being written
Going
The Perfect Tense
haring written
haring been written
having gone
① The active voice of the Present Participle: e.g.
He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
Having finished their work, they had a rest.
② The passive voice of the Present Participle: e.g.
The large building being built down the street will be a hospital.
Having been shown the labs, we were taken to see the library.
③ The usage of the Present Participle
(a) Serving as the Actributive: e.g.
Crusoe lit a fire and from it took a burning stick.
The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.
There were a lot of boys in the field playing football.
(b) Serving as the Subject Complement: e.g.
The story sounds interesting.
The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.
(c) Serving as the Object Complement: e.g.
We heard her singing in her room.
We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
(d) Serving as the Adverbicl : e.g.
She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.
Being ill, he went home.
One day, walking along the sands towards his boat, he saw a man’s footprint.
⑵The Past Participle.
The Past Participle of the regular verb is composed of the verb primary adding ed form. The part Participle of the irregular verb does not have unified composition rule.
The Past Participle shows fishing and passive movements.
The usage of the Past Participle is following:
①Serving as the Attributive. e.g.
A broken cup is lying on the ground.
This is one of the factories built in the 1960s.
②Serving as the Subject Complement: e.g.
The cup is broken.
He was terrified at seeing this.
③Serving as the Object Complement: e.g.
He’s going to have his hair cut.
I must get my bike repuired.
④Serving as the Adverbial. e.g.
The trainer appeared, followed by six little dog.
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
⒉ The Gerund
⑴The form and the character of the Gerund.
The Gerund is composed of the verb primerry adding-ing form. It is the same as the Present
Participle form. The gerund can be used as the Noun, serving as the Subject and the Object. It also can be used as the Verb and has the Object and the Adverbial.
⑵The usage of the Gerund.
①Serving as the Subject. e.g.
Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.
Talking is easier than doing.
② Serving as the Object. e.g.
It ‘s cold here. Would you mind closing the window?
At the age of twelve, Edison began selling new paper on a train.
③ Serving as the Subject Complement. e.g.
My job is teaching you English.
Seeing is believing.
④ Serving as the Attributive. e.g.
There is a swimming pool in our school.
The cave was a good hiding place for him.
⒊ The Infinitive.
⑴The form of the Infinitive is “to + verb primary”. Some times it can not bring “to”. The Infinitive still has the feature of the verb: It can has the Object and the Adverbial.
⑵The usage of the Infinitive.
①Serving as the Object. e.g.
They began to read and write.
He want to have a cup of tea.
②Serving as the Adverbial. e.g.
She want to see her grandma herself.
He stopped to have a look.
③Serving as the Object Complement. e.g.
The teacher told is to do Exercise 1 and 2.
Peter asked me to help him with his lessons.
④ Serving as the Attributive. e.g.
He said he had an import meeting to attend.
Do you have anything to say for yourself?
⑤ Serving as the Subject. e.g.
To teach a foreign language is not easy.
It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.
⑥ Serving as the Subject Complement. e.g.
His wish was to become a scientist.
To the doctor, the most important thing was to save lives.
ⅡThe Comparison about Their Use.
⒈The Infinitive and the Gerund working as the object.
⑴.Some verbs can either add the participle or add the Gerund do the object. But the meaning which they want to express are different.
① Following the verbs such as forget, remember and regret, the -ing form expresses the movement has been occurred, the infinitive expresses the movement is going to occur.
e.g. He has forgotten meeting her last year.
He has forgotten to meet her.
② Try bring-ing form show try on, take infinitive say try.
e.g. Try pressing the green button and see if the machine will start.
He tried to do the sum in his head.
③ Mean bring-ing form express mean, bring infinitive show attempting, plan.
e.g. Success means working very hard.
John meant to drive there, but his car broke down.
④ Change bring-ing form show it is have a try to tae the risk of, take infinitive say happen.
e.g. Dick chanced climbing Mount Jolmo Lungma without carrying the oxygen containers.
Tom chanced to find his lost bike in front of a store.
⑵ Go on, quit, stop bring-ing form behind mean an object. The infinitive means the adverbial modifier, express the purpose.
e.g. He went on working in spite of the noise around him.
He gave us a briefing and want on to show us round the campus.
⑶ Advice, allow, encourage, permit bring-ing form behind mean an object, bring the infinitive to be the object complement.
e.g. Mr. Smith doesn't going to sleep in class.
Mr. Smith doesn't permit his students to go to sleep in class.
⑷ Understand brings-ing form to be object directly.
e.g. I can't understand your reading the boring novel.
I can't understand how to divide a number by zero.
⒉The Infinitive and the Participle serving as the Object Complement.
⑴ The difference between the infinitive and the participle which do the object complement.
e.g. I heard him talking to his mother.
(Verb-ing form show that is going on.)
I heard him talk to his mother for an hour.
The infinitive show movements finished, show the whole course.)
⑵ The main difference between the verb-ing form and-ed form which do the object complement.
e.g. Can you get the car going?
(Verb-ing form show initiative movements.)
David will get the car washed.
(Verb-ed form show passive movements.)
⒊The Infinitive and the Participle serving as the Attributive.
⑴ The main difference between the infinitive and the participle which do the attributive.
e.g. These are the letters to be sent out this afternoon.
(The infinitive show movements that will happen soon.)
The woman sanding her children to school is my history teacher.
(-ing form show movements that is going on.)
We're met the doctors sent to work here by the city hospital.
(-Ed-form show movements that has already happened.)
⑵ The main difference between verb-ing form and verb-ed-form Which do the attributive.
① I’m so glad to hear your encouraging remarks.(remarks that are encouraging me.
Verb-ing form show initiative and. movements that is going on.)
China is a developing country.(country that is developing.
Verb-ing form show initiative and movements that is going on.)
② This word is often used in spoken English.(English that is spoken. Verb-ed form show passive.)
Pick up the broken vase.(vase that has been broken.
Verb-ed form show passive and movements that has already happened.
⒋The Infinitive and the Participle serving as the Adverbial.
⑴ The difference between the infinitive and verb-ing form which do the adverbial.
① The infinitive usually shows the unexpected result, but verb-ing form
has no this kind of meaning. e.g.
He jumped into the pool to save a child only to break his own leg.
He jumped down form the burning house, breaking his legs.
② The infinitive often is used behind adjective, express reason.
Verb-ing form and-ed form usually placed on the beginning lf the sentence. e.g.
He was happy to see his parents in good health.
He was surprised to meet a high school classmate in the village.
⑵ The main difference between verb-ing form and verb-ed form which do the adverbial.
① Verb-ing form has the initiative meaning. e.g.
Seeing that everyone was bending over his book, we stopped talking and began to study.
Following its footprints, the zoologists spotted the hungry panda.
② Verb-ed form has the passive meaning or express the state .e.g.
See through the eyes of a young friend, Einstein was a, simple, modest and
ordinary man.
The pop singer, followed by two body guards, came to meet his fans.
Greatly interested, I asked him to show me how to compose a song with the computer.
⒌ The Infinitive and the participle serving as the Subject Complement.
① When the infinitive and verb-ing form which do the subject complement. It's not big different between them in meaning.
e.g. The most difficult job is to clean the greasy kithen.
The most difficult job is cleaning the greasy kithen.
②Verb-ing form and verb-ed form which do the subject complement.
The game sounds interesting.
(Verb-ing form show the character of the subject. It's often used in the things.)
I am interest the game.
(Verb-ed form show the state of the subject. It's often used in people.)
The verb-ing form and verb-ed form which often to be subject complement. are these:amused,amusing,astonished,astonishing,bored,boring,charming,complicated,confused,crowded,delighted,devoted,dvsappointed,disappointing,discouroged,discouraging,frightened,frightening,frustrated,frustrating,interested,interesting,married,missing,pleased,promvsing,puzzled,shocked,shocking,surprised,surprising,tired,tiring,upset etc.
⒍The Infinitive and the Gerund serving as the Subject.
Sometimes the distinguish between the infinitive and the gerund which do the subject is not big in meaning. e.g.
⑴(a) To know all about English is one thing; to know English is quite another.
(b) Knowing all about English is one thing; knowing English is quite another.
⑵(a) It is impossible to get there before dark.
(b) It is impossible getting there before dark.
But they can’t change each other in some reqular structure. The participle-ing form is often used with be worth, have difficulty (in), it be no good/rouse/worth while, there be no need/no point in, how/what about, what’s the point of, what’s the use of etc… e.g. It is a waste of time trying to make him change his mind. what’s the point of leaving today’s work for tomorrow? There’s no need buying a fridge since we have a big vegetable garden. The book is worth reading.
At last, in order to make this article clear and simple. We draw a table for verbals, we can get what we want at once through t
his table
About verbals
verbals
sentence
composition
The Infinitive
The Participle
The Gerund
Subject
√
√
Predictate
Object
√
√
Attributive
√
√
Adverbial
√
√
Object Complement
√
√
Subject Complement
√
√
√
Explanatory note:
① Sometimes the distinguish between the infinitive and the gerund which do the subject is not big.
② In generd, the verbals can’t do the predictate.
③ Some verbs can either add the participle or the infinitive do the object. But the meaning which they want to express are different. They are used after some regular words.
④ The infinitive means the movement that is going to occur. Verb-ing form expresses the movement is going on. Verb-ed form shows the movement have already happened.
⑤ The infinitive shows the unexpected result. It is put behind the adjective. The participle is put on the beginning of a sentence.
⑥ The infinitive shows the movement has already finished the participle expresses the movement is going on.
⑦ It’s not big different between them.
ⅢConlusion:
When we study English, we should pay attention to master grammer well, expecially in studying verbals. At first, we should define verbals’ definition. We must know what the verbals is on earth and what it includes. Secondly, we should define its function. We must know what kinds of word it can be done. Thirdly, the most the difference among the infinitive, the participle and the gerund. We ought to know what sentence composition verbals can be done. Only in this way, we can distinguish them clear. Through the above research, we can learn verbals better.
Abstract
With the rapid development of Chinese economy, the contacts between China and other countries all over the world become closed. Measwhile, English as the langage in common use of the world received Chinese general attention. English becomes the bridge assotiating between courtries. Then study English becomes the fashion. Grammer is one of the difficult point in English study. Furthermore study is the focal and difficult point in grammer study. And how to use non-verbal is more important in verb study. What this artide explained is: ⒈Introduction to non-verbal forms, including its defenition and classification. It is composed of the Infinitive, the Gerund and the Participle. ⒉ The Comparison about their use. Including the Infinstive and the Gerund serving as the Object Complement; the Infinitive and the Participle serving as the Attributive; the Infinitive and the Partiviple serving as the Subject Complement and the Infinitive and the Gerund Serving as the Subject. This text attempt to introduce about non-verbel use.
Out line
Ⅰ The Introduction to Non-verbal Forms.
Ⅱ The Comparison about Their Use.
1 The Infinitive and the Gerund Working as the Object.
2 The Infinitive and the participle Working as the Object Complement.
3 The Infinitive and the participle Working as the Attributive.
4 The Infinitive and the participle Working as the Adverbial.
5 The Infinitive and the participle Working as the Subject complement.
6 The Infinitive and the Gerund Working as the Subject.
Ⅲ Conclusion.
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to my supervision Professor Wang without whom this project would never have happened. Special thanks must go to Mr. Wang; Mrs.Sun and Miss li for their unserving support for this projet; to Wang Yang and Li Ming for their invaluable comments and guidence. Special thanks should go to Zhao Dan for her skill in shopping the materials, and to Ma Ling for her helpin keeping the project on track. I would like to thank my classmate Li Yang; Gao Na; and Zhou Miao for their contribution to the project. at last, big thanks must go to my parents whom help me without any repay. And with many assist above I finish this project happily.
References
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Francis Katamba. Morphology. Macmillan Press. 1993.
QuirkR.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman. 1985.
Zhang Dao-zhen Comprehensive English Grammer (1) Foreign language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
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