Vampires and the Antichrist: Synonymous or Coincidence?
by Apryle Gayle Thompson PID: 7015-27323May 5, 1999Religion 123, final paper
chenkan翻译（chenkan_ckn@126.com）
Vampires and the Antichrist: Synonymous or Coincidence?
吸血鬼和反基督者：他们是同一回事吗，抑或仅仅是巧合？
"You've never heard the tales? Why do you think they call him the Prince of Hell? There is a rumor about fiendish, diabolical rites at his Castle of Agrish, that he performed the Black Mass there with naked virgins spread-eagled on the infernal altar. Oh God, can you imagine what he did to them?" She was mouth to ear with her listener, enclosing them both with her fan. "But here is the question all Buda is asking. Is he truly the devil's chief disciple, His Satanic Majesty's chosen one for supreme power on earth? Or is he—Satan himself?"
—An excerpt from the novel Prince Dracula (Myles 171)
"你从未听说过这些故事吗？人们称他为地狱的王子，你怎么看？有传言说，他在他那恶魔般的Agrish城堡里，举行着将裸体处女放到恶魔的祭台上的黑暗集会。哦，天哪，你能想象的出来他对她们做了什么吗？"她用扇子遮住嘴，对她身旁的人耳语着。"但所有的 Buda（？）都有一个问题，他的确是恶魔的主要信徒，那个被他邪恶的主子挑选出来，拥有最可怕的能力的人吗？抑或他自己就是撒旦本人？"
——节录自小说《德拉古拉王子》（Myles 171）
There is something stirring in the equivocation of the vampire and the Antichrist. They are two forces, alike by origin and yet seemingly polar in nature. The vampire in its carnal, bestial image deeply contrasts the more civilized deception presented by the Antichrist. And yet, there are bridges between the gaps. In fact, it seems as though they were two halves cut from the same primordial cloth, separated only in nature. Is it merely coincidence that the vampire and the Antichrist share birthrights, powers, and characteristics? What of the similarity in words associated with each within our vocabulary? Perhaps there is something true to Jung's theory in repressed memories and the collective unconscious. Perhaps we have chosen to transfer the most terrifying part of the Antichrist to another being, one that by its very nature embodies this terror. After all, "'Who is like the beast'" but the vampire (Revelation 13:4)?
在这里吸血鬼和反基督者的边界很模糊。他们是两种力量，但他们似乎有着相似的起源和貌似相反的本性。吸血鬼淫荡而残忍的形象与反基督者彬彬有礼而诡计多端的形象形成了鲜明的对比。然而，他们有共通之处。事实上，他们就好像是从一块完整的桌布上切下来的两半，唯一不同的不过是他们的本质。吸血鬼和反基督者拥有相同的特权，能力和个性，这仅仅是巧合吗？那么又如何解释那些与他们相关的词汇有如此高的相似性？也许容格所说的潜意识（？）和集体无理性可以带来某些解释。也许我们用其他的，最为让人恐惧的事物来加强对反基督者的恐惧。毕竟，除了吸血鬼，"谁能比这兽"呢？（启示录 13：4）
The most logical place to start our comparison seems to beat the conception and birth of our two demonic beings. Both the vampire and the Antichrist are described as being the spawn of Satan and a virgin, obviously mirroring the conception of Christ. Unlike Christ, however, both the birth of the vampire and the birth of the Antichrist are only simulations of an immaculate conception wherein the virgin is deceived (Bousset140-141). In Sefer Zerubbabel, we learn that the Antichrist, Armilos, is to be born from a beautiful statue of the Virgin Mary with which Satan has laid (68, 75). Tying in with the Antichrist's birth from a statue is Bram Stoker's portrayal of Dracula being born into the brotherhood of vampires by his stabbing a statue of a crucifix with his sword and then drinking the blood that issues from it ("Bram Stoker's Dracula").
从这两种恶魔的出生和由来开始比较他们，看起来是最有逻辑的办法。吸血鬼和反基督者都被描绘成是在恶魔和处女交合后所产的卵中孕育的。显然，这是在影射基督的出生。不过，和基督的出生不同的是，吸血鬼和反基督者的出生都只是在对圣灵感孕说的一种模拟（Bousset140-141）。在Sefer Zerubbabel这本书里，我们知道那位反基督者，Armilos，是由一位美丽的处女玛丽所产，而玛丽被恶魔撒旦玷污过（68，75）。与之相联系的是斯托克的德拉古拉，他用剑刺穿了一个十字架，并饮下从中流出的血。从此他开始了与吸血鬼的手足之谊。（斯托克的吸血鬼）
Another explanation for the Antichrist's birth is that it will be the fruitful production of a human being by a woman and the Demon Satan (R. E. L. Masters 214). It is also said that the famous magician Merlin was supposed to have been born the Antichrist after the Devil raped his virgin mother, but because he was baptized at his birth, the plan was ruined (R. E. L. Masters 44-45). As in the case of Merlin, the Devil often assumes a human form and seduces the women without their knowing of his true nature (R. E. L. Masters 45). Likewise, the vampire has been known to assume various identities in order to lure women to its lair.
对反基督者的出生的另外一个解释是，他们是由人类妇女和撒旦繁殖出来的(R. E. L. Masters 214)。也有传言说中世纪著名的魔法师梅林因处女母亲被撒旦强暴的缘故，本来应当是一个反基督者。然而由于他在出生时接受了洗礼，恶魔的计划失败了(R. E. L. Masters 44-45)。正如在梅林的例子里那样，恶魔经常呈现出男子的形状，并以此勾引那些不知道他们本性的妇女(R. E. L. Masters 45)。相似的，吸血鬼也有许多分身，他们利用这些分身来把妇女引诱到自己的老窝里去。
An additional story of the origin of vampires, or "flesh eating devils," is that the virgin was Adam and his demon counterpart was Lilitu, the Babylonian snake-goddess (Frost 6).However, even this conception was enveloped in deception in that"...the she-monster Lilith was conceived out of Adam's voluptuous imaginings, coming to him in his dreams as a succubus" (Frost6). The succubus is a mythological Hebrew term referring to a"...band of fallen angels who had degenerated into lecherous night demons" and who deceptively seduced men in their dreams draining them of their sex drive and sperm count (Frost 6).
还有一个吸血鬼的原型——"食人魔鬼"的故事。亚当是处男，而他的恶魔伴侣，Lilitu，则是巴比伦的蛇女神（Frost 6）。不过，即使如此，他的起源还是由如下的诡计包裹着："......女妖怪Lilitu变成一个女妖（succubus）进入亚当的梦中，并在奢侈淫逸的场景下受孕"（Frost 6）。"女妖"（succubus）是一个希伯莱神话的术语，指的是"一帮退化成淫荡的的夜魔的堕天使"，女妖在男子的梦中引诱他们，榨干他们的精力和性能力。
Since the vampire and the Antichrist are both sired by Satan, it seems only logical that they inherit a certain degree of his power. In the Left Behind series by Tim La Haye and Jerry B. Jenkins, the Antichrist figure, Nicolas Carpathia, assumes the power of mind control and uses it to seduce others into doing his bidding and trusting him. Likewise, the vampire has been attributed this device of control for centuries, as is described in the movie, as well as the novel, "Bram Stoker's Dracula" when he compels Jonathan Harker to cut himself while shaving and seduces Lucy Westenra during a sleepwalking episode.
因为吸血鬼和反基督者的祖先都是撒旦，所以他们都在一定程度上继承了撒旦的能力也是合情合理的。在Tim La Haye和Jerry B. Jenkins所写的Left Behind系列小说里，那位反基督者，Nicolas Carpathia，拥有控制别人心智的能力，并以此来诱使其他人信任他，听从他的命令。相似的，吸血鬼在数以百计的年代里，也有这样的能力。正如电影及其同名小说"斯托克的德拉古拉"里所描绘的那样，德拉古拉迫使乔纳森·哈克在刮胡子的时候割破自己皮，并在露西·维斯特纳梦游的时候勾引她。
The power of transformation also runs strong in the family of Satan. The Apocalypse of Ezra says of the Antichrist, "And he becomes a child and an old man, and no one believeth in him that he is my beloved son" (Bousset 151). The Apocalypse of Zephaniah and The Apocalypse of Elijah also speak of this power of transformation held by the Antichrist (Bousset 151 and Wintermute 746). As for the vampire, their power of transformation comes from their synonymy with strigoi, demonbirds that can transform themselves into any animal (Klaniczay147-148). In fact, the word strigoi is Romanian for vampire, and it shows up in Isaiah 34:14 where the downfall of Babylon is predicted (Florescu, In Search 145 and Wright 138). The vampire has also been attributed the ability to transform itself from young to old, as can the Antichrist, by its association with the snake and regeneration through the shedding of skin (Barber 161162 and Du Boulay 93). Another characteristic power of both the vampire and the Antichrist is their ability to command animals like the mosquito that, coincidentally, has been noted to carry pestilence and disease due to its unsightly habit of bloodsucking (Summers 198).
在撒旦的子嗣中，变身也是一个很突出的能力。在Apocalypse of Ezra中的反基督者"他一会儿变成一个小孩，一会儿变成一个老人，没人相信他就是我心爱的儿子" (Bousset 151)。Apocalypse of Zephaniah 和 Apocalypse of Elijah里也讲述了反基督者所拥有的强大的变身能力(Bousset 151 and Wintermute 746)。说到吸血鬼，他们变身的能力来自于他们和strigoi（吸血蝙蝠？）的同质性。Strigoi是一种能将自己变成任意动物的恶魔鸟(Klaniczay147-148)。事实上，"strigoi"在罗马尼亚语里的意思就是吸血鬼，并且在以赛亚书34：14里讲到巴比伦的堕落时，也有所暗示(Florescu, In Search 145 and Wright 138)。吸血鬼和反基督者一样，也有能将自己变得年轻和年老的能力，这种能力与蛇所拥有的蜕皮的能力相关(Barber 161162 and Du Boulay 93)。另外，吸血鬼和反基督者还共同拥有另外的一种能力，那就是能够命令蚊子这样通过吸血来传播瘟疫和疾病的动物(Summers 198)。
One of the more questionable powers, supposedly assumed by these two demonic beings, is the gift of a somewhat limited immortality. I call it a limited immortality due to the fact that Christ eventually overcomes the Antichrist and vampires are vulnerable to some methods of death. The Antichrist, when described in Revelation 13 as the beast from the sea, is also described as having "...been mortally wounded, and his deadly wound was healed." The vampire likewise is a re-energized dead body (A. Masters 179). However, to spend eternity walking the earth doesn't seem to be a chosen activity for the vampire. Eternal sleep seems to be a reward for those who worship Christ,"...the first-fruits of them that sleep" (Summers 6-7). The Antichrist, as an opposition to Christ, thus seems doomed to never attain this peaceful slumber. Why then do some vampires choose such an unfulfilling life? Frost says that, like the Antichrist,
吸血鬼和反基督者共同拥有的另外一个更值得疑问的能力，就是他们都有着"有限的"不死之身。我称之为"有限的"不死之身，是因为实际上基督最后终于打败了反基督者，并且吸血鬼在某些情况下，是极脆弱和易死亡的。在启示录第13章里描绘的反基督者是从海上来的怪兽，它们被描绘为"......受到了死伤。那死伤却医好了。"相似的，吸血鬼是一种被重新注入能量的死尸(A. Masters 179)。不过，吸血鬼的永生并不是让他们用来在地上闲逛的。永恒的睡眠似乎是给尊敬基督者的一种奖赏，"......最初的能使人睡眠的果实" (Summers 6-7)。反基督者，作为基督的敌人，因此命中注定永远得不到安息。那么为什么吸血鬼还是要选择这样的没有尽头的生命呢？Frost说，他们有着和反基督者一样的理由：
...'true' vampires are, above all, people in revolt against the inevitable principle of corporeal death. Having led extremely evil lives they know only too well the dreadful fate awaiting them in the afterlife, and are prepared to go to any lengths to sustain a semblance of life in their bodies in order to remain earthbound. (8)
......最重要的是，"真正的"吸血鬼们是那种极端厌恶不可避免的肉体死亡的人们。他们非常了解在他们极端邪恶的生命之后会有多么可怕的命运等待着他们，他们也宁愿付出任意代价，只要能够披着生命的伪装，继续留在人间。（8）
The question still remains, how do they die and yet live? Philip Rohr, a prominent scholar of the occult, framed the same question, and though he was not willing to attribute this power of life to the Devil, he did recognize the possibility of their resurrection through "...Divine permission, with the help of some devilish agency" (A. Masters 179-180). The Antichrist uses his supposed resurrection as evidence of his immortality, and by being the antithesis of Christ himself, promises to share this life with those who choose to follow him. The vampire claims immortality through blood, and can share it with others through the same method by which he takes life away. After all, for the vampire, "...the blood is the life..." (Deuteronomy 12:23).
问题还是没有解决，他们是如何在死后依然活着的？Philip Rohr，一个对神秘之事有卓越研究的学者，提出了同样的问题。虽然他并没有把它归功于恶魔的力量，但是他认识到吸血鬼们的复生是通过"......神圣的许诺，伴随着某些恶魔中介的帮助" (A. Masters 179-180)。反基督者利用他的伪复活作为自己永生的证据，并作为基督的敌人，他许诺给他的追随者们一部分这样的能力。吸血鬼则通过血来获取永生，并用同样的方法，和被他取走生命的人们，一起分享这种能力。毕竟，对于吸血鬼来说，"......血是生命......"（申命记 12：23）
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